Lubricating oil is a necessary lubricant for mechanical operation, and its main function is to reduce friction and wear between moving parts of machinery. The main component of the production of lubricating oil is base oil. According to the source of raw materials, base oil is mainly divided into three types: mineral base oil, synthetic base oil and vegetable oil base oil. Among them, mineral base oils are derived from the refining process of petroleum and are the most widely used, accounting for more than 90% of the amount.

Lubricating oil base oils are affected by factors such as changes in the market environment and the pressure of enterprise development. The production process of traditional lubricating mineral base oils seems to be unable to meet the development requirements of enterprise modernization. It is necessary to increase the optimization of production processes and improve the process flow. At the same time, it reduces production costs and improves product quality and efficiency.

　　1 Production status of lubricant mineral base oil

　　Mineral base oil is refined from crude oil. The main production processes are: atmospheric and vacuum distillation, solvent deasphalting, solvent refining, solvent dewaxing, clay or hydrogenation supplement refining. The chemical composition of mineral base oils includes high boiling point, high molecular weight hydrocarbons and non-hydrocarbon mixtures. Modern technology has accelerated the reform process of traditional base oil production processes, especially the hydrogenation process. As the core technology of base oil production, it can improve product performance and quality, and its application in the lubricant base oil manufacturing industry has become more mature and free.

　　 With the increase in the demand for lubricants, more attention has been paid to the improvement of lubricant base oil production technology to achieve continuous improvement in production results. However, in fact, the production process of my country's lubricating mineral base oil is relatively solid, and the pace of technological innovation is lagging behind. Compared with advanced foreign countries, there is still a large development distance, especially the terminal and high-end mineral base oil manufacturing technology is not yet complete. To get rid of the dependence on imports, the R&D dimension of independent production is relatively insufficient. At the same time, the promulgation of production policies such as energy conservation, environmental protection and consumption reduction put forward higher requirements for the reform of the production process technology of lubricant mineral base oils. In order to improve the matching degree of production process and product demand and production policy calls, The research intensity of large-scale technological reform appears to be particularly important.

2 Production process and optimization of lubricating mineral base oil

　　（1） Atmospheric and vacuum distillation

Atmospheric and vacuum distillation production process means that under the action of reduced pressure and normal pressure, through rectification means, around the volatility of each component, the two phases of vapor and liquid are in reverse contact on the tray for many times, and part of the vaporization and Partially condenses to separate diesel, gasoline and kerosene from crude oil.

　　 (2) Propane deasphalting

Based on the principle that propane has a greater ability to dissolve lubricating oil and wax in vacuum residue at a specific temperature, but has no ability to dissolve asphaltenes and gums, it can effectively remove the asphaltenes and gums in vacuum residue. At the same time, lubricating oil and asphalt are produced.

　　 (3) Solvent refining

Based on the principle that the active polar molecules in the solvent can be dissolved at a specific temperature, it can effectively dissolve and separate the non-ideal components in the lubricating oil, thereby adjusting the viscosity-temperature performance of the oil, reducing the acid value and residual carbon value, and improving the oil’s performance. Stability. Extracted oil can be obtained by distilling the solvent out of the separated material, thereby providing the extracted oil raw material for axle oil blending. The solvent is mainly phenol or propane and other substances.

　　 (4) Hydrotreating

Under the conditions of pressure, hydrogen and catalysts, through hydrotreating, undesirable molecules such as asphaltenes in the raw materials can be converted into beneficial components through the hydrocracking reaction, which promotes a significant increase in the viscosity index of essential oils and the essence of lubricating oil. . The hydrogenation process line includes two combined traditional hydrogenation process and full hydrogenation process. The base oil produced by hydrogenation technology can enhance the adaptability of raw materials, expand the range of lubricating oil, and improve the quality of base oil. The base oil produced by the hydrogenation process has high added value of by-products and relatively high production efficiency. However, the product quality of base oil is not ideal, and there is a clear quality gap compared with imported products. The reason is believed to be related to the influence of factors such as the low operating rate of the device. Therefore, the quality can be handled by measures such as increasing the operating rate and accumulating operating experience. problem.

For example, the fuel-based hydrocracking-solvent refining-solvent dewaxing-refining after hydrogenation technology line developed by Mitsubishi Corporation of Japan has realized the combination of the traditional lubricating oil refining unit process and the hydrocracking unit process. For ultra-high viscosity index base oils, adding soft wax is more conducive to the orderly development of the production process. The chemical reactions in the hydrogenation process mainly include the removal of heterocyclic compounds; the hydroisomerization of normal paraffins or low-branched isoparaffins into high-branched isoparaffins; aromatic saturation, ring opening and isomerization of cycloalkanes. By suppressing the reaction that produces light oil, the yield and viscosity index of the base oil can be effectively improved. The combined hydrotreating and deacidification process is more suitable for the production of naphthenic lubricants and can effectively solve the problem of high acid value of crude oil.

(5) White clay refined

　　 The activity, adsorption capacity and selectivity of the clay treated with hydrochloric acid are enhanced. Starting from the analysis of the operation method, it is mainly to mix the oil and the clay at a specific temperature, and use the adsorption capacity of the clay and various processes to remove impurities such as nitrogen compounds and asphaltenes in the base oil, thereby improving the color of the base oil and promoting The residual carbon content and alkali ammonia content are reduced, and the antioxidant stability and oil stability are significantly improved. The white clay supplementary refining process can effectively remove various kinds of residual solvents and polar compounds containing sulfur and nitrogen. However, the amount of white clay used in the process is large, and the problems of dust pollution and large loss of refined oil cannot be ignored.